\[ [Index](index.md) | [Exercise 6.5](ex6_5.md) | [Exercise 7.2](ex7_2.md) \]

# Exercise 7.1

*Objectives:*

- Learn how to define a simple decorator functions.

*Files Created:* `logcall.py`

*Files Modifie:* `validate.py`

## (a) Your First Decorator

To start with decorators, write a _very_ simple decorator
function that simply prints out a message each time a function is
called.  Create a file `logcall.py` and define the following
function:

```python
# logcall.py

def logged(func):
    print('Adding logging to', func.__name__)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print('Calling', func.__name__)
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper
```

Now, make a separate file `sample.py` and apply it to a
few function definitions:

```python
# sample.py

from logcall import logged

@logged
def add(x,y):
    return x+y

@logged
def sub(x,y):
    return x-y
```

Test your code as follows:

```python
>>> import sample
Adding logging to add
Adding logging to sub
>>> sample.add(3,4)
Calling add
7
>>> sample.sub(2,3)
Calling sub
-1
>>> 
```

## (b) A Real Decorator

In [Exercise 6.6](ex6_6.md), you created a callable class `ValidatedFunction` that
enforced type annotations.  Rewrite this class as a decorator function called `validated`.
It should allow you to write code like this:

```python
from validate import Integer, validated

@validated
def add(x: Integer, y:Integer) -> Integer:
    return x + y

@validated
def pow(x: Integer, y:Integer) -> Integer:
    return x ** y
```

Here's how the decorated functions should work:

```python
>>> add(2, 3)
5
>>> add('2', '3')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "validate.py", line 75, in wrapper
    raise TypeError('Bad Arguments\n' + '\n'.join(errors))
TypeError: Bad Arguments
    x: Expected <class 'int'>
    y: Expected <class 'int'>

>>> pow(2, 3)
8
>>> pow(2, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "validate.py", line 83, in wrapper
    raise TypeError(f'Bad return: {e}') from None
TypeError: Bad return: Expected <class 'int'>
>>>
```

Your decorator should try to patch up the exceptions so that they
show more useful information as shown.  Also, the `@validated`
decorator should work in classes (you don't need to do anything special).

```python
class Stock:
    def __init__(self, name, shares, price):
        self.name = name
        self.shares = shares
        self.price = price
    
    @property
    def cost(self):
        return self.shares * self.price

    @validated
    def sell(self, nshares:PositiveInteger):
        self.shares -= nshares
```

Note:  This part doesn't involve a lot of code, but there are a lot of low-level
fiddly bits.  The solution will look almost the same as for Exercise 6.6.  Don't
be shy about looking at solution code though.

\[ [Solution](soln7_1.md) | [Index](index.md) | [Exercise 6.5](ex6_5.md) | [Exercise 7.2](ex7_2.md) \]

----
`>>>` Advanced Python Mastery  
`...` A course by [dabeaz](https://www.dabeaz.com)  
`...` Copyright 2007-2023  

![](https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png). This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
